City Cast Madison logo

12 Key Terms To Know When Buying or Selling a Home

Posted on October 4, 2023   |   Updated on September 30, 2025
Bank of Sun Prairie

Bank of Sun Prairie

This is a sponsored post from Bank of Sun Prairie. It was not written by the Madison Minutes news team.

From appraisal to zoning, the real estate world is full of jargon and terminology that can be intimidating. Here are some terms and definitions that everyone who is buying or selling should know:

  • An Appraisal is an assessment of a property's value often required by lenders before approving a mortgage loan. Appraisers use various factors, including location, size, condition, and recent sales of comparable properties, to determine the fair market value.
  • Capital Gain is the profit from the sale of a property or investment and may have tax implications. Sellers need to report gains to be compliant and understand whether they qualify for primary residence exclusions.
  • Closing is the real estate transaction's final step, when all necessary documents are signed and the property's ownership transfers from the seller to the buyer. This process also involves the exchange of funds, including the down payment and closing costs.
  • Closing Costs are the fees and expenses associated with purchasing a property, including appraisals, inspections, title searches, and loan origination fees.
  • Contingency is a condition required for a real estate contract to become binding. Common contingencies include financing, home inspections, and the sale of the buyer's current property.
  • A Down Payment is a lump sum of money a buyer pays upfront when purchasing a property. It is usually a percentage of the property's purchase price not covered by the mortgage loan. In general, the higher the down payment, the lower the monthly mortgage payment is.
  • Escrow is a financial arrangement where a third party holds and manages funds and essential documents related to a real estate transaction. The escrow agent ensures that all conditions of the sale are met before releasing the funds and documents to the appropriate parties.
  • A Homeowners Association (HOA) is an organization that manages and enforces rules and regulations for a specific community or development. Homeowners typically pay dues to cover maintenance and amenities. Real estate agents can navigate the complexities associated with HOAs with buyers, review relevant documents, and ensure they make informed decisions.
  • Interest is the cost of borrowing money from a lender, typically expressed as a percentage of the principal amount borrowed. Interest rates can be fixed (remaining constant over the loan term) or variable (changing over time based on market conditions or specific terms).
  • Multiple Listing Service (MLS) is a database real estate professionals use to list and share information about available properties. Buyer's agents use it to find properties that match their client's criteria.
  • Principal is the original amount borrowed in a mortgage loan. A portion of each mortgage payment goes toward reducing the loan balance or principal.
  • Title refers to legal ownership of a property. It is the method of legally transferring ownership to the buyer.

Share article

Hey Madison

Sign up for your free daily toolkit to get the most of the city you love.

Can't subscribe? Turn off your ad blocker and try again.

The latest in Madison

Food & DrinkJune 18

The Best Ice Cream in Madison

There are plenty of spots to indulge in a cold scoop (or several) of ice cream in Madison. Here are some of the best local spots in town.

A white building with a glass door with red trim.
Local CivicsJune 18

Democratic Candidates Sound Off in Assembly District 76 Forum

There are five Democratic candidates running to succeed Rep. Francesca Hong in the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Five candidates are seated in a row on stage, the moderator is to the left
Madison's BestJune 16

How To Celebrate Juneteenth 2026 in Madison

June 19 is Juneteenth, the day that America celebrates the end of slavery. But there are events all week in Madison to commemorate the ho...

A group of people walk down the street on a sunny day in a parade celebrating Juneteenth. People in the front hold a banner that reads "June 19, 1865."
Neighborhood GuidesJune 15

Take a Look Inside the Center for Black Excellence and Culture

The Center for Black Excellence and Culture opened its doors last month to much fanfare. The $32 million facility is envisioned as a hub...

The interior of a building with white walls and a polished floor.
Food & DrinkJune 11

Where to Watch the World Cup in Madison

The 2026 FIFA World Cup tournament kicks off today, and Madison soccer fans are ready. Here's where to watch the matches, including bars...

A man in purple cheers surrounded by fans in bleachers.
Madison's BestJune 10

How to Celebrate Pride Month 2026 in Madison

The city’s biggest LGBTQ+ gathering, OutReach Magic Pride Festival, isn’t actually until August, but there are still plenty of ways to ce...

A group of 6 people sit on a bench smiling, looking on at the Middleton Pride Festival
Madison's BestJune 3

Your Guide to Frank Lloyd Wright's Madison

Legendary designer Frank Lloyd Wright called Madison home and he left his mark on the city. Here's some of his most famous buildings, fro...

A building with glass windows and a triangular roof.
Madison's BestJune 2

Your Guide to June 2026 in Madison

If you’re looking for a page-turner to take to the beach this summer, UW-Madison graduate Joseph Eckert is coming back to town to Lake Ci...

A group of people at tables in front of a marble building.